學(xué)位英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法（形容詞和副詞的用法）

A:形容詞

1、 形容詞及其用法

形容詞修飾名詞，說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常， 可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。

1)　直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞，它有級(jí)的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如：hot 熱的。

2)　敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，所以又稱為表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid 害怕的。

(錯(cuò))　He is an ill man.

(對(duì))　The man is ill.

(錯(cuò))　She is an afraid girl.

(對(duì))　The girl is afraid.

這類詞還有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。

3)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，要放在這些詞之后，例如：

something nice

2. 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞

1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，　　ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。

改錯(cuò)：(錯(cuò)) She sang lovely.

(錯(cuò)) He spoke to me very friendly.

(對(duì)) Her singing was lovely.

(對(duì)) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。

daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early

The Times is a daily paper.

The Times is published daily.

3 用形容詞表示類別和整體

1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry

The poor are losing hope.

2) 有關(guān)和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體，與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。

the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.

The English have wonderful sense of humor.

4 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序

多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋?/p>

限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色) --出處--材料性質(zhì)，類別--名詞

a small round table

a tall gray building

a dirty old brown shirt

a famous German medical school

an expensive Japanese sports car

典型例題:

1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.

A.　little two other　B. two little other　　C.　two other little　 D.　little other two

答案：C。由"限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色) --性質(zhì)--名詞"的公式可知數(shù)詞，描繪詞，性質(zhì)依次順序，只有C符合答案。

2)　One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.

A. old Chinese stone　　 B. Chinese old stone　　C. old stone Chinese　　D. Chinese stone old

答案A. 幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來(lái)源+質(zhì)地+用途++名詞。

3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.

A. few last sunny　 B. last few sunny　 C. last sunny few　 D. few sunny last

答案：B。本題考查多個(gè)形容詞的排序問(wèn)題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多，音節(jié)少的形容詞在前，音節(jié)多的方在后，在不能確定時(shí)，可參照下表：

限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+

those + three + beautiful + large + square

新舊+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞

old + brown + wood + table

5下列幾類形容詞也沒(méi)有比較等級(jí)：

(1)表示“終極”意義或絕對(duì)概念的形容詞或副詞。如：absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。

(2)表示時(shí)間、方位或方向的形容詞或副詞。如：back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。

(3)部分表示事物性質(zhì)、物質(zhì)材料或結(jié)構(gòu)成分的形容詞。如：atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。

(4)本身具有“最”或“”概念的形容詞。如：maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。

6形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的后置

a.前面我們講到形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，位置要放在所修飾的名詞前面，但當(dāng)它帶有表示量度的詞或詞組時(shí)，定語(yǔ)后置。

They have built a bridge a hundred meters long.

他們建成了一座一百米長(zhǎng)的橋。

Last year we built a building thirteen storeys high.

去年，我們蓋了一棟十三層的高樓。

b.帶有表示量度的詞或詞組，作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，也后置。

The bridge is a hundred meters long.

這座橋長(zhǎng)達(dá)一百米。

The building is thirteen storeys high.

這個(gè)大樓有十三層高。

They have built a two-hundred-meter-long bridge.

他們已經(jīng)修建了一座長(zhǎng)二百米的橋。

注意

量度詞組變成合成語(yǔ)時(shí)，作定語(yǔ)用，放在名詞前。

Last year we built a thirteen-storey-high building.

去年我們建了一座高十三層的大樓。

c.另外，一些形容詞或形容詞詞組常用來(lái)放在句首、句中或句尾，作狀語(yǔ)。

He returned home, tired and hungry.

他又累又餓地回到了家。

Cold and hungry, he walked in the street.

又冷又餓，他走在街道上。

B: 副詞及其基本用法

1 副詞的種類、用法和位置

副詞在句子中修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子。用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、場(chǎng)所、狀態(tài)及程度。

1 副詞的種類

1.副詞的種類

(1)時(shí)間副詞

①表示大體時(shí)間：now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far

②表示頻率：always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never

③其它作用：already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally

(2)地點(diǎn)副詞

①表地點(diǎn)：here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,

nowhere,somewhere.

②表位置關(guān)系(后接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用作介詞)：

above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,

away,near,off,past

(3)方式副詞表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞"怎樣地"，(此類副詞大部分由形容詞加ly構(gòu)成)：

badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,

politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,

wrongly,suddenly.

(4)程度副詞 多數(shù)用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞：much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly

(5)疑問(wèn)副詞 構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句：how,when, where,why

(6)連接副詞 連接主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)從句：how,when,where,why

(7)關(guān)系副詞 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：when,where,why

(8)其它性質(zhì)的副詞對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)：

frankly(坦率地說(shuō),說(shuō)真的)，generally(一般說(shuō)來(lái))，luckily(幸運(yùn)地是)，first of all(首先)等。

1.地點(diǎn)副詞、時(shí)間副詞和方式副詞一般放在句末

注意

地點(diǎn)副詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置，不屬于這種情況。有時(shí)少數(shù)地點(diǎn)副詞和時(shí)間副詞可以作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾詞的后邊。

The students here are all from China.

I'll wait for you here.(地點(diǎn)副詞)

我將在這兒等你。

I'll meet him at the station tomorrow.(時(shí)間副詞)

明天我將去車站接他。

Tomorrow I'll meet him at the station.

注意

有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間，也可把時(shí)間副詞放在句首。

The boy wrote the homework quickly.

(方式副詞)

這個(gè)男孩子寫(xiě)作業(yè)很快。

They did their experiments carefully in the labyesterday.方式 地點(diǎn)時(shí)間

昨天他們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室認(rèn)真地做實(shí)驗(yàn)。

The students all worked well here last week

這些學(xué)生上周在這里都做得很好。

2.頻度副詞在句中位置有以下兩種

a.在be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后。

She is always kind to us(be動(dòng)詞)

她對(duì)我們總是很好。

I can never forget the day.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)

我永遠(yuǎn)也不能忘掉這一天。

The work has never been done.

助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞

(頻度副詞never放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞has的后面)

這件工作永遠(yuǎn)也做不完。

b.在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前

He often goes to school early.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)

他常常早到校。

3.程度副詞有下列二種情況

a.修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí),它在句中的位置與頻度副詞的情況相似。

He is almost forty years old.(在be動(dòng)詞之后)

他快四十歲了。

注意

如果句末同時(shí)有幾個(gè)副詞，它的基本順序是：方式副詞+地點(diǎn)副詞+時(shí)間副詞。

He can hardly understand you.

(在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后)

他幾乎聽(tīng)不懂你的活。

I like the boy.(在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前)

我相當(dāng)喜歡這個(gè)男孩子。

b.修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí)，放在它所修飾的詞的前面。

He studies much harder now.

現(xiàn)在他學(xué)習(xí)努力多了。

The room is big enough to hold fifty persons.

(enough修飾形容詞)

這個(gè)房間夠大的可以容納50人。

He runs fast enough.(enough修飾副詞)

他跑得夠快的。

注意：副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。

改錯(cuò)：(錯(cuò))　I very like English.

(對(duì))　I like English very much.

注意：副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。

I don't know him well enough.

There is enough food for everyone to eat.

There is food enough for everyone to eat

6 兼有兩種形式的副詞

1) close與closely

close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細(xì)地"

He is sitting close to me.

Watch him closely.

2)　late 與lately

late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"

You have come too late.

What have you been doing lately?

3)　deep與deeply

deep意思是"深"，表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"

He pushed the stick deep into the mud.

Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4)high與highly

high表示空間高度;highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于much

The plane was flying high.

I think highly of your opinion.

5)　wide與widely

wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地"，"在許多地方"

He opened the door wide.

English is widely used in the world.

6)　free與freely

free的意思是"免費(fèi)";freely 的意思是"無(wú)限制地"

You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.

You may speak freely; say what you like.

7某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別

(1) already, yet, still

already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生，主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事發(fā)生，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句;still表示某事還在進(jìn)行，主要用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句，有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如：

We've already watched that film.

I haven't finished my homework yet.

He still works until late every night.

(2) too, as well, also, either

too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句，too和as well多用于口語(yǔ)，一般放在句末，而also多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)，一般放在句中與動(dòng)詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問(wèn)句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.

He didn't go there either.

I like you as well.

I also went there.

8 形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)

⑴ 規(guī)則變化

變化規(guī)則 example

1.一般在詞尾直接加-er或-est Tall-taller-tallest, long-longer-longest

2.以不發(fā)音的字母e 結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾直接加-r 或- st Nice-nicer-nicest, large-larger-largest

3.以輔音字母+ 結(jié)尾的詞，把 y變?yōu)閕 ，再加er 或 est Heavy-heavier-heaviest

Happy-happier-happiest

4.重讀閉音節(jié)，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母，再加er 或 est Big-bigger-biggest

Fat-fatter-fattest

5.部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級(jí)前加more 構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和most 構(gòu)成較高級(jí) Slowly-more slowly-most slowly

Beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful

⑵ 不規(guī)則變化

原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 較高級(jí)

Good/well better best

Bad/ill/badly worse Worst

Many/much more most

little less least

far Farther/further Farther/further

old Older/elder Oldest/eldest

其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞較高級(jí)前可省略定冠詞。如：

Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.

We must work harder.

9. as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as

1)在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用so… as。

He cannot run so/as fast as you.

2)當(dāng)as… as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式。

as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞

as + many/much +名詞

This is as good an example as the other is.

I can carry as much paper as you can..

3)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在as的前面。

This room is twice as big as that one.

Your room is the same size as mine.

4) 倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as　<=> 倍數(shù)+ than + of

This bridge is three times as long as that one.

This bridge is three times the length of that one.

Your room is twice as large as mine.

Your room is twice the size of mine.

10. 比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than

You are taller than I.

They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.

注意：

1)要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)。

(錯(cuò)) He is more cleverer than his brother.

(對(duì)) He is more clever than his brother.

(對(duì)) He is clever than his brother.

2)要避免將主語(yǔ)含在比較對(duì)象中。

(錯(cuò)) China is larger that any country in Asia.

(對(duì)) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

3)要注意對(duì)應(yīng)句型，遵循前后一致的原則。

The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.

It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

4)要注意冠詞的使用，后有名詞的時(shí)候，前面才有可能有名詞。

比較：Which is large, Canada or Australia?

Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?

She is taller than her two sisters.

She is the taller of the two sisters.

11可修飾比較級(jí)的詞

1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等

2)還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。

3)以上詞(除by far)外，必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面。

典型例題:

1)　---- Are you feeling ____?

---- Yes，I'm fine now.

A. any well　B. any better　C. quite good

D. quite better

答案：B. any 可修飾比較級(jí)，quite修飾原級(jí)，well的比較級(jí)為better.

2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.

A.　more　 B.　much more　　 C.　much

D.　more much

答案：C.　much可修飾比較級(jí)，因此B，C都說(shuō)得通，但easier本身已是比較級(jí)，不需more，因此C為正確答案。

3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.

A. the happiest time　　B. a more happier time

C. much happiest time　 D.　a much happier time

答案：D。

12 many,old 和 far

1) 如果后接名詞時(shí)， much more +不可數(shù)名詞

many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)

2) old 有兩種比較級(jí)和較高級(jí)形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長(zhǎng)幼關(guān)系。

My elder brother is an engineer.

Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.

3) far 有兩種比較級(jí)，farther，further. 在英語(yǔ)中兩者都可指距離。

在美語(yǔ)中，father 表示距離，further表示進(jìn)一步。

I have nothing further to say.

13. the + 較高級(jí) + 比較范圍

1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.

形容詞較高級(jí)前通常必須用定冠詞 the，副詞較高級(jí)前可不用。

形容詞most前面沒(méi)有the，不表示較高級(jí)的含義，只表示"非常"。

It is a most important problem.

=It is a very important problem.

注意： 使用較高級(jí)要注意將主語(yǔ)包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。

(錯(cuò))　Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.

(對(duì))　Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.

2) 下列詞可修飾較高級(jí)，by far, far, much, mostly, almost

This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.

注意：

a.　 very可修飾較高級(jí)，但位置與much不同。

This is the very best.

This is much the best.

b.　 序數(shù)詞通常只修飾較高級(jí)。

Africa is the second largest continent.

3) 句型轉(zhuǎn)換：

Mike is the most intelligent in his class.

Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.

4) "否定詞語(yǔ)+比較級(jí)"，"否定詞語(yǔ)+ so… as"結(jié)構(gòu)表示較高級(jí)含義。

Nothing is so easy as this.

=Nothing is easier than this.

=This is the easiest thing.

14. 和more有關(guān)的詞組

1) the more… the more…　越……就越……

The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.

2) more B than A　與其說(shuō)A不如說(shuō)B

less A than B

He is more lazy than slow at his work.

= He is less slow than lazy at his work.

3) no more… than… 與……一樣……，不比……多

The officials could see no more than the Emperor.

no less… than…　與……一樣……

He is no less diligent than you.

4) more than　不只是，非常

She is more than kind to us all.

典型例題

1)The weather in China is different from____.

A. in America　 B. one in America　 C. America  D. that in America

答案：D. 本題意為"中國(guó)的天氣比美國(guó)熱。"比較的是天氣而不是，C不能選。A沒(méi)有名詞，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用來(lái)代替可數(shù)名詞，而that可車以代替不可數(shù)或抽象名詞，所以選D。

2)After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.

A. as twice many　　B. as many twice　　C. twice as many　D. twice many as

答案C. 此句意為"這個(gè)廠1988能生產(chǎn)的拖拉機(jī)是往年的兩倍"。 表示倍數(shù)用"倍數(shù)+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較對(duì)象"的句型。所以此句答案為C。

This ruler is three times as long as that one.

重點(diǎn)提示：

常見(jiàn)比較級(jí)五句型

1> Who / Which + be +比較級(jí) , A or B ?

Who is taller, Tom or John?

Which is more expensive, a bicycle or a computer?

2> ~ + be + the 比較級(jí) + of the two. (兩個(gè)之中比較…的那一個(gè)，~包含在兩個(gè)之中)

Tom is the taller of the two. = Tom is taller than the other boy.

3> much / a lot / even / far + 比較級(jí)

A compute is much more expensive than a bicycle. 計(jì)算機(jī)比自行車貴多了。

4> "The+形容詞比較級(jí)..., the+形容詞比較級(jí)...", 表示 " 越... 就越..."。

The more you study, the more you know. 你學(xué)的越多, 就知道的越多。

5> " 形容詞比較級(jí) + and + 形容詞比較級(jí) ", 表示 " 越來(lái)越... "。

The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 計(jì)算機(jī)越來(lái)越便宜。

3) 較高級(jí)不一定就是第一

1> Who / Which + be +較高級(jí), A, B, or C ?

Who is the tallest, Tom, Jack, or David? Tom, Jack與David三個(gè)人中誰(shuí)較高?

Which is the most expensive, a bicycle, a motorcycle, or a car? 自行車，摩托車和汽車，哪一個(gè)最貴?

2> ~ + be + one of the +較高級(jí) +復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 表示"最……的……之一"。

The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黃河是中國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流之一。

3> "…+ be +the + 序數(shù)詞 +較高級(jí) +單數(shù)名詞 + 范圍", 表示"……是…….的第幾……"。

She is the second tallest student in our class. 她是我們班第二高的學(xué)生。

4> ~ + be + the 較高級(jí) ~ that 某人 have/ has ever + 過(guò)去分詞.

This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.這是我看過(guò)的最有趣的書(shū)。

沒(méi)有比較級(jí)的形容詞和副詞

1)有些程度副詞，如：quite, rather, comparatively, incomparably, relatively, fairly等與形容詞連用具有"比較"含義。故這時(shí)句中的形容詞不能再使用比較級(jí)。 例如：

It is a set of comparatively new instrument in our laboratory.

This book is rather difficult for the juniors, but fairly easy for the seniors.

2)下列幾類形容詞也沒(méi)有比較等級(jí)：

(1)表示"終極"意義或絕對(duì)概念的形容詞或副詞。如：absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。

(2)表示時(shí)間、方位或方向的形容詞或副詞。如：back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。

(3)部分表示事物性質(zhì)、物質(zhì)材料或結(jié)構(gòu)成分的形容詞。如：atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。

(4)本身具有"最"或""概念的形容詞。如：maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。

真題再現(xiàn)

1. -Which is ____ season in Beijing?(2003年)

-I think it's autumn.

A.good B.better C.best D.the best

解析：正確答案為D。該題的核心詞為season。根據(jù)比較級(jí)與較高級(jí)的知識(shí)，兩者之間用比較級(jí)，而三者或三者以上用較高級(jí)，北京有四季，因此本題應(yīng)選擇較高級(jí)。又因?yàn)樾稳菰~較高級(jí)前要加定冠詞the，因此答案為D。

2. - Which is__________ , the sun, the moon or the earth?(2004年)

-- Of course, the moon is.

A.small B.smaller C.smallest D.the smallest

解析：正確答案為D。該題的核心詞在第一句句尾，"the sun, the moon or the earth",提問(wèn)的對(duì)象為三者，應(yīng)該選擇較高級(jí)。

3. The air in Beijing is getting much _____ now than a few years ago.(2005年)

A. clean B. cleaner C. cleanest D. the cleanest

解析：正確答案為B。該題的核心詞為than，than一詞是比較級(jí)的標(biāo)志。

4. Mobile phones are very popular now and they are _____ than before.(2005年)

A. cheap B. cheaper C. cheapest D. the cheapest

解析：正確答案為B。該題與第三題相似，核心詞為than。