山東學(xué)位英語語法復(fù)習(xí)資料：時(shí)態(tài)

學(xué)位英語語法復(fù)習(xí)資料：時(shí)態(tài)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語：every…, som etimes,at…, on Sunday。例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。

2)客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如：

The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動。

Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國東部。

3)表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　?

注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。

4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如：

I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯，講的可不行。

二、一般過去時(shí)

1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, l ast week, an hour ago,the other day, in 1982等。

例如：Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?

2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。

例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那時(shí)，布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。

3)句型：It is time for sb. to do sth"到……時(shí)間了""該……了"

例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。

It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了""早該……了"

例如：It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。

would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。

例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。

三、一般將來時(shí)

1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?

2)be going to +不定式，表示將來。

a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?

b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。http://www.wendangku.net/doc/03d2c257b90d6c85ed3ac62f.html

例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。

c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。

例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

看那烏云，快要下雨了。

3)be +to表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如：

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。

4)be about to +動詞原形，意為馬上做某事。例如：

He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。

注意：

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來

1)下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,

return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后。

2)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：

When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后，讓他等我。I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫信給你。

2、用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來

下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來：

I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

a. 表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：

We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。

b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作，說話時(shí)動作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：

Mr. Green is writing another novel.

他在寫另一部小說。(說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)

c. 表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：The leaves are turning re

d. 葉子在變紅。

It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。

d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：

You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。

五、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作，常和表過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如：

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候我正在做作業(yè)。

They were expecting you yesterday.他們昨天一直在等待。

難點(diǎn)釋疑：

when作并列連詞，表示“(這時(shí))突然”之意時(shí)，第一個(gè)并列分句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，when引導(dǎo)的并列分句用一般過去時(shí)。如： .

I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇見了他。

We were playing outside when it began to rain.我們正在外邊玩，這時(shí)下起雨來了。

六、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

1)表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動作，或按預(yù)測將來會發(fā)生的事情。例如：

She'll be coming soon. 她會很快來的。

I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 將來我一定去見他。

2)常用的時(shí)間狀語有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this

time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此時(shí)，我正躺在海灘上呢。

注意：“主將從現(xiàn)原則”，主句用將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(代替一般將來時(shí))

When, as soon as, if,等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。例如：

He is going to visit her aunt t when he arrives in Beijing.

他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。

七、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

a. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在所產(chǎn)生的影響，后面通常不用時(shí)間狀語，但句中常出現(xiàn)already, just,yet等副詞。如：

Someone has broken the window.有人把窗戶打破了。

I’ve just finished reading the novel.我剛剛讀完這本小說。

Have you seen the doctor yet?你看過醫(yī)生了嗎?

注：already和yet用法上的區(qū)別

already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問句，常用于句末。但alrea dy有時(shí)也可用語疑問句中暗示驚訝的心情。如：

b. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可表示從過去某時(shí)開始的動作，狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，常和for, sinc e引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。

如：I have learned English for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing since he was born.

注：

(1) for和since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語的區(qū)別: for + 一段時(shí)間, since + 一點(diǎn)時(shí)間從句(從句中常用一般過去時(shí))。

(2)表示繼續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the pas t(last) few years……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等時(shí)間狀語連用。

如：Tom has had a toothache all day.I haven’t heard from him recently.

(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可表示從過去到現(xiàn)在曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過或做過的事情，常和often, ever, nev er, before, once,…times等時(shí)間狀語連用。如： .

I’ve never been to Beijing.我從沒去過北京。He has read this book before.

難點(diǎn)釋疑：

1.點(diǎn)動詞與延續(xù)性動詞的區(qū)別 .

所謂點(diǎn)動詞是指含有終止或短暫意義的動詞。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, co me, arrive,

join, marry等動詞。它們通常不與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：

I have bought a book.我買了一本書。 .

I’ve had this book for three weeks.這本書我已經(jīng)買了三星期了。

2. have got的含義 .

have got形式上是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，卻和have是同一個(gè)意思

She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight

temperature.她有點(diǎn)發(fā)燒。

3、用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：

It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。

八、過去完成時(shí)

(1)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動作以前完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”?？梢杂胋y,

before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。如：

By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from th e spaceship.

到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。

(2)表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for, si nce構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

當(dāng)車來的時(shí)候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.

他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。

(3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動作時(shí)，常使用過去完成時(shí)。例如：

Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.

史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.

我對動詞一無所知，因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。

(4)在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時(shí)。例如：

I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。

She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。

(5)過去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語從句(或間接引語)中，這時(shí)從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。例如：.

He said that he had known her well.他說他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

(6)在包含有when, until等連詞的復(fù)合句中，例如：

When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒來時(shí)雨已停了。

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。

(7)動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan,

intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時(shí)趕到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來希望能來看看你。

(8)過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (se co nd,

etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如： .

Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。

九、將來完成時(shí)

a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：

They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。

b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：You will have reached

Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了

二、短語講解

black and blue

鼻青臉腫;傷痕累累

Her arm was black and blue from the accident.

(她的手臂在事故中傷痕累累。)

He beat the boy black and blue.

(他把那個(gè)孩子打得鼻青臉腫，遍體鱗傷。)

add fuel to the fire

火上加油

I think we should show our objection by leaving the meeting.

(我認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該以離開會場來表達(dá)我們的抗議。)

I'm afraid the move will only add fuel to the fire.

(我怕這么做只會火上加油。)

in one's tracks

當(dāng)場,當(dāng)下

The police caught the thief in his tracks.

(警察當(dāng)場(當(dāng)下)就把小偷給抓了起來。)

That must have been dangerous - he already shot two police officers. (那一定很危險(xiǎn)，他已經(jīng)槍殺了兩名警官。)

out of season

不合時(shí)令的

Do you have strawberries in your country?

(你的生產(chǎn)草莓嗎?)

Sure we do, but they're out of season right now.

(當(dāng)然，但現(xiàn)在不是產(chǎn)草莓的季節(jié)。)

have butterflies in one's stomach

感到緊張

I always get butterflies in my stomach before a test.

(我在考試之前都會感到緊張。)

I have them before I go on a first date with a girl.

(我第一次和女生約會時(shí)也會這樣。)

pull one's punches

手下留情

I didn't pull my punches. I told her exactly what I think of her.

(我沒有手下留情。我清楚表達(dá)對她的想法。)

Did she cry? It must have hurt her feelings.

(她哭了嗎?那一定很傷她的心。)

dead set against something

堅(jiān)決反對

Are you sure you don't want to reconsider his proposal?

(你確定你不要重新考慮他的提案嗎?)

Listen, I'm dead set against his plan. So don't waste your time.

(聽著，我堅(jiān)決反對他的構(gòu)想。所以你別浪費(fèi)時(shí)間了。)

not enough room to swing a cat

沒有足夠的轉(zhuǎn)身空間

The living room is too small.

(客廳實(shí)在太小了。)

I agree! There's not enough room to swing a cat.

(我同意!連轉(zhuǎn)身的空間都沒有。)

at the top of one's lungs

聲嘶力竭

I yelled at the top of my lungs to get tom's attention. But he seems to be deaf.

(我聲嘶力竭地大喊想要引起湯姆的注意。不過他像是聾了一樣。)

Didn't you see that he was wearing earphones? Every time he listens to rock-n-roll, he turns the volume way up.

(你沒看見他戴著耳機(jī)嗎?他每次聽搖滾樂總把音量開到最大。)

at the helm

掌控全局

How long has our CEO been at the helm?

(我們的總裁當(dāng)家多久了?)

For almost two decades. We need some fresh blood- that's for sure.

(快二十年了。我們需要一些新血是毋庸置疑的。)

a domino effect

骨牌效應(yīng)

Those workers make good money. Why are they on strike?

(這些工人的收入不錯。他們?yōu)槭裁匆T工呢?)

It's a domino effect. Other lower-paid workers just got their wages raised, so now everybody wants more money.

(這是骨牌效應(yīng)。其它工資較低的工人剛獲得加薪，所以現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人都想要更多錢。) another story

另一回事

I like to stay up late. It's the best time for me to write.

(我喜歡熬夜。那是我寫作最好的時(shí)間。)

But it's quite another story for those of us who have to be at work by 8 a.m.

(但那對我們這些得在八點(diǎn)前上班的人來說就完全是另外一回事了。)

at ease

輕松自若

Were you nervous the first time you taught in front of the whole class?

(你第一次站在全班面前講課會緊張嗎?)

Not really. My students were so cute that they made me feel completely at ease.

(其實(shí)還好。我的學(xué)生很可愛，他們讓我覺得非常輕松自在。)

at the eleventh hour

在最后一刻

Thank God, you're here. I thought you might not be able to make it.

(感謝上帝，你終于來了。我還以為你到不了了。)

I looked everywhere to find my passport. Then I found it at the eleventh hour. (我到處找我的護(hù)照。終于在最后一刻找到了。)

at the end of one's rope

失去耐性

I'm at the end of my rope with you. Are you coming with me or not?

(我對你失去耐性了。你到底要不要跟我一起去?)

Give me ten more minutes. I want to know how the show ends.

(再給我十分鐘。我想知道這個(gè)節(jié)目的結(jié)局如何。)