2013年廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真題(閱讀理解)

1、According to anthropologists, people in pre-industrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution(1760-1840)when 10-to-12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even, with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870’s, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920’s.

In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 19305s. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.

The Depression years of the 1930 have brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metal workers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2088 hours per worker, compared to 1957 for the United States and 1646 for France.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

2. Compared to pre-industrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century( ).

3. What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the United States during the 1930’s?

4. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?

5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has been declining since the nineteenth century?

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