長(zhǎng)難句分析(1)：分析長(zhǎng)難句的思路

考博英語(yǔ)讓大家頭痛的問(wèn)題有兩個(gè)，一是詞匯量不夠，很多單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)，另一個(gè)就是單詞都認(rèn)識(shí)但是句子依然不知道意思。只要這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題解決了，考博英語(yǔ)的難度就降低了很多。

就考博英語(yǔ)中的閱讀理解來(lái)看，大家存在的問(wèn)題是能找到答案所在的句子，單詞也認(rèn)識(shí)，但這句話的意思卻怎么也不明白，也找不到正確的答案。除了閱讀理解，翻譯中也時(shí)常出現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)難句，考博翻譯評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是分段給分，所以大家在翻譯之前可以將長(zhǎng)句進(jìn)行拆分。此外，作文與長(zhǎng)難句也是密切相關(guān)的，長(zhǎng)短句交替使用的作文何愁得不到呢？

知道了長(zhǎng)難句的重要性，今天 ，我們就來(lái)講講長(zhǎng)難句該如何分析？

一，找主句

長(zhǎng)難句不會(huì)是簡(jiǎn)單句，往往是復(fù)合句或者并列復(fù)合句，因此，一般會(huì)有主句與從句。快速找出主句的方式是找出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，那么問(wèn)題落在了如何找謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。方法如下：

1.找動(dòng)詞。找出句子中所有的動(dòng)詞(除去非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：ing分詞，ed分詞，動(dòng)詞不定式)。

2.順著動(dòng)詞往前找，如果有引導(dǎo)詞，說(shuō)明這個(gè)動(dòng)詞所在的句子是個(gè)從句;如果沒(méi)有引導(dǎo)詞，說(shuō)明這就是主句。

例1：

Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better than serfdom with material well-being, and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the high business of living, to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it had to teach.

先找出句子中所有動(dòng)詞(除去非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)。

Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better than serfdom with material well-being, and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the high business of living, to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it had to teach.

其中move,set,confront,see, teach屬于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(不定式)，可以排除其為主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，最后還剩下seemed, was,和had.

Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better than serfdom with material well-being, and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the high business of living, to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it had to teach.

找出引導(dǎo)詞

引導(dǎo)詞即引導(dǎo)從句的那個(gè)詞。比如：Iknow that she is beautiful.句子中that就是引導(dǎo)詞。英語(yǔ)中，從句一共是三大類(lèi)：名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句，常見(jiàn)的引導(dǎo)詞有wh-類(lèi)

(what,when,which,where,when,who,whom,whose,why),that, how,whether/if，以及其他引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。因此，在例1中，除去非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后，順著剩下的三個(gè)動(dòng)詞往前面找，had前面有引導(dǎo)詞what，所以排除其為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。be動(dòng)詞was前面有并列連詞and，由此可知此句是由兩個(gè)并列分句構(gòu)成的并列復(fù)合句。

所以這個(gè)句子的主干是Freedom seemed to…,and he was content to…。

二，研究從句

在第一步中提到的三類(lèi)從句(其中名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、 同位語(yǔ)從句)在長(zhǎng)難句中都可能出現(xiàn)，因此需要對(duì)這些從句的知識(shí)有所了解。一般可以根據(jù)引導(dǎo)詞前面的單詞來(lái)判斷這是什么從句:

引導(dǎo)詞在句首，一般是主語(yǔ)從句；

That the moon travels around the earth once every month is known to everyone.

引導(dǎo)詞前是名詞，根據(jù)情況區(qū)分是定語(yǔ)從句還是同位語(yǔ)從句；

The man whom you saw just now is our manager.(定語(yǔ)從句)

The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. (同位語(yǔ)從句)

引導(dǎo)詞前是動(dòng)詞或介詞，說(shuō)明這個(gè)從句是賓語(yǔ)從句；

I worry aboutwhether I hurt her feelings.

引導(dǎo)詞前是系動(dòng)詞，說(shuō)明這個(gè)從句是表語(yǔ)從句；

The problem iswho we can get to go to the airport to pick her up

引導(dǎo)詞前是狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，說(shuō)明這是狀語(yǔ)從句。

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

例2：

Humans are the only species known to have consciousness, awareness that we have brains and bodies capable of adaptability that we can affect the course our lives take, that we can make choices along the way that vastly affect the quality of our lives--biologically, intellectually, environmentally, and spiritually.

使用上述方法，可以快速找到句子主句：

Humans are the only species known to have consciousness。

整個(gè)句子中有四個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句，其中

thatwe can affect the course our lives take

這個(gè)從句中還嵌有一個(gè)從句：

wecan affect thecourse(that)ourlives take,

由于that充當(dāng)take的賓語(yǔ)，所以此處可以省略。第一個(gè)that和第三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句解釋awareness;第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句解釋adaptability;省略了的that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句限定名詞course;第四個(gè)that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句限定名詞way。最后的biologically, intellectually,environmentally, and spiritually是副詞做狀語(yǔ)。

譯文

人類(lèi)是一種有意識(shí)的物種：我們的大腦和肢體能夠適應(yīng)選擇的生活軌跡，這種意識(shí)能夠讓我們做出當(dāng)下對(duì)自己生活產(chǎn)生重大影響的決策，不論是在生理層面、智力層面、環(huán)境層面還是在精神層面上。

因此，只要把句子的主干(主句)和枝葉(從句及其他修飾成分)弄清楚，分析長(zhǎng)難句并不是難事。希望這篇文章能夠給考生們帶來(lái)啟發(fā)。