2009年廈門大學(xué)考博英語真題

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Part I: Vocabulary and structure (15%)

Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

1.In writing his account of these Important events, he will not_______his experiences in the order in which they happened.

A.classify B. compare  C. compose D. arrange

2.Although the examination he passed was not important, his success_______ him in his ambition to become a doctor.

A. persuaded B. urged  C. convinced D. encouraged

3.The Committee has approved your qualifications and you will be_______to the retiring Head Clerk's post.

A. employed B.appointed  C. admitted D. accepted

4.The following qualifications are essential for the post: an honors degree in English,_______in shorthand and typewriting and some experience in journalism.

A, proficiency B. expertise  C. knowledge D. familiarity

5.Business is improving but much more hard work and common sense will be_______before any substantial profits can be realized.

A,put up with B. called for  C. taken up D. gone through

6.Both dog's diet and structure are_______to those of the human being, and so it has been the subject of countless demonstrations and experiments.

A,comparable B. comparative  C. equal D. contrary

7.She is one of the few people here I can understand properly, she pronounces all her words so_______.

A,exactly B. distinctly  C distinctively D. distinguishably

8.Applied research,_______to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed.

A,formulated B. undertaken  C, attained D. accomplished

9.By 1817 the United States Confess had_______all internal taxes and was relying on tariffs on imported goods to provide sufficient revenues to run the government.

A. allocated B. distributed  C. eliminated   D, collected

10.Scientific evidence from different_______demonstrates that in most humans the left hemisphere of the brain controls language.

A,scopes B. ranges  C.disciplines   D;  arrays

11.All the credit card organizations charge interest on a monthly basis which may_______at 25 per cent a year, yet judicious purchasing using a card can mean that you obtain up to seven weeks interest-free-credit.

A. come up B. account for  C. add up D. work out

12,However important we may regard school life to be, there is no denying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or_______by the teacher.

A.exaggerated   B.discounted  C.overestimated D.verified

13.When light illuminates an object, part of it is absorbed and part reflected;  the_______lightness of an object depends on the proportion of light that is reflected.

A.denoted    B.embodied   C. insulated        D.perceived

14.Advance in food preservation gave consumers in developed countries access to_______all foods grown in distant lands.

A. extensively B. virtually  C.artificially D. continually

15.In the Spring Export Commodities Fair the_______of fine china attracted much attention of easterners from all over the world.

A. succession B. array  C. string D. cluster

16.The landscape of the American West was dramatically altered during the 20th century as a result of the_______ construction of dams along major rivers.

A. degenerative B. widespread  C. advancing   D. extensive

17.A completely new situation will_______when the new examination system comes into existence.

A. rise B. raise  C. arise D. arouse

18.The world is facing the_______of water shortages caused by population growth, uneven supplies of water, pollution, and other factors.

A. prospect B. insight  C. location D. anticipation

19.Any nation that interferes in the internal affairs of another nation should be_______condemned.

A. verbally B. universally  C. wickedly D. visually

20.We agree that a central purpose of drama has always been to provide a means for a society to_______upon itself and its beliefs.

A. manifest B. reflect  C. invent D. respect

21.If a country wants to develop its economy successfully, there has to be a clear_______of its social needs.

A. assessment B. assumption  C. assurance D. appreciation

22.Euthanasia is a practice of mercifully ending a person's life in order to_______the person from an incurable disease and intolerable suffering.

A.liberate B. confine  C. release D. apprehend

23.There are several possible explanations for the greater job_______in Japan in contrast to the great job mobility in the United States.

A.sensitivity B.creativity  C.stability D. security

24.Although he was not caught cheating on the exam, the feeling of guilt_______over and over again.

A. ascended B. conquered  C. secured D. recurred

25. At the sight of her husband getting off the train, the woman walked forward and_______him and stroked his white hair.

A. embraced B. clapped  C. paddled D. flocked

26.Which sport has the most expenses_______training equipment, players' personal equipment and uniforms?

A. in place of B. by way of  C. in terms of D. by means of

27.Since the early 1990s, conservationists have_______protecting the Amazon in part because of its abundance of plant and animal species.

A. called forth   B. called back  C. called up D. called for

28.In 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a remote pan of Eastern Europe_______Europe into a great war.

A. pitched B. imposed   C. inserted D. plunged

29.A person who is_______typically has anxious thoughts and difficulty concentration or remembering.

A. stressed B. exploited  C. prevented D. conquered

30.She refused to disclose what had been told her, on the_______that it would be a breach of faith.

A. reason   B. accounts  C. terms D. grounds

Part II: Reading comprehension (40%)

Section A

Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A、B、C、and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

Passage 1

A World Without Books Or Music

If books had never been discovered, man would have found some other way of recording his communication. But then, for our consideration, we should include as books everything that is a written record. This would include tablets, papyrus and anything else 一 including computer diskettes. In the case of music, it would be impossible to think that man can live without it. Looking at primitive cultures, it appears that music is actually a part of the human psyche. When two things are knocked together, music is produced. So for the sake of our discussion, it is intended to restrict the meaning of music to the popularly accepted concept. Music is the pleasing combination of sounds that we like to listen to.

Though it is difficult to, we can pretend that these things never existed. In this case we would not miss them today. To compare with recent inventions, let us look at radio and television. Though we cannot think of life without them today, this is so only from comparatively recent times. There are many of us living today who had seen a time when there was no television. They will tell us that life was not that much different. The same is probably true of radio. But books are a different thing because they, or something akin to them, began thousands of years ago. In the case of music, it goes back even further — perhaps to millions of years. We may be able to imagine a world which never saw books, because books are a human invention. However, in the case of music this does not seem possible. Pleasing sounds are all around us;  like the singing of the birds and the whistling of the wind. Music just seems to be inborn in us and in the world around us.

If books did not exist, the world will be a poorer place indeed. Great philosophies like Plato's would become unknown and all the pleasures and lessons we could get from them will be lost forever. Then there is literature like the works of the great masters like Shakespeare, Dickens and Jane Austen. What a sombre, miserable world it will be without the pleasures of reading. Since there are so many other things which depend on reading - like plays, songs and movies ― we can expect them to disappear also. It would be a dark and unsatisfying world where knowledge is not propagated;  where there are no books to derive pleasure from.

In the case of music: Without it the world will be bleak and cold indeed. It would be a terrible world with no cheery tunes, no songs to sing and no great music to lose ourselves in. A world which does not listen to the music of the great masters like Chopin and Beethoven would be a very sorry world. There will not be so many smiles on faces anymore. When we lose music, an expression of a deep part of ourselves - from the soul - is lost. With music, connected activities like dancing will be lost too. A world without music and dancing will bring us back to the Stone Age.

Unlike radio, television, telephones and computers, reading and music are not mere conveniences that we can live without. Reading is crucial for self-expression and for passing on records and knowledge to future generations. Music is part of our very soul. A world without these will not be the world as we know it. In fact, many of us would not want to live in such a world.

31.Music is part of the human psyche because         .

A.it is part of primitive culture

B.it is something we like to listen to

C.it always strikes a chord with us

D.it has been produced since ancient times

32.According to the passage, life without television and radio would be         .

A.essentially the same    B.very different   C.quite boring   D.spiritually more satisfying

33.It is impossible to imagine a world without music because         .

A.music like books is a human invention           B.it is crucial for self-expression

C.enjoyable sounds exist in our environment        D.plays, songs and movies depend on it

34.A world without books would be         .

A.bleak and cold   B.a very sorry world   C.dreadfully unsatisfying   D.dark and dull

35.Why is music something that we cannot live without?

A.Because it is a convenience like the Internet.

B.Because we will lose a deep part of ourselves.

C.Because we won't have smiles on our faces anymore.

D.Because philosophies like Plato's would not exist.

Passage 2

The high unemployment rates of the early 1960s occasioned a spirited debate within the economics profession. One group found the primary cause of unemployment in slow growth and the solution in economic expansion. The other found the major explanation in changes that had occurred in the supply and demand for labor and stressed measures for matching demand with supply.

The expansionist school of thought, with the Council of Economic Advisers as its leading advocates, attributed the persistently high unemployment level to a slow rate of economic growth resulting from a deficiency of aggregate demand for goods and services. The majority of this school endorsed the position of the Council that tax reduction would eventually reduce the unemployment level to 4% of the labor force with no other assistance. At 4%, bottlenecks in skilled labor, middle-level manpower, and professional personnel were expected to retard growth and generate wage-price pressures. To go beyond 4%, the interim goal of the Council, it was recognized that improved education, training, and retraining, and other structural measures would be required. Some expansionists insisted that the demand for goods and services was nearly satiated and that it was impossible for the private sector to absorb a significant increase in output. In their estimate, only the lower-income fifth of the population and the public sector offered sufficient outlets for the productive efforts of the potential labor force. The fact that the needs of the poor and the many unmet demands for public services held higher priority than the demands of the marketplace in the value structure of this group no doubt influenced their economic judgments.

Those who found the major cause of unemployment in structural features were primarily labor economists, concerned professionally with efficient functioning of labor markets through programs to develop skills and place individual workers. They maintained That increased aggregate demand was a necessary but not sufficient condition for reaching either the CEA's 4% target or their own preferred 3%. This pessimism was based, in part, on the conclusion that unemployment among the young, the unskilled, minority groups, and depressed geographical areas is not easily attacked by increasing general demand. Further, their estimate of the numbers of potential members of the labor force who had withdrawn or nor entered because of lack of employment opportunity was substantially higher than that of the CEA. They also projected that increased demand would put added pressure on skills already in short supply rather than employ the unemployed, and that because of technological change, which was replacing manpower, much higher levels of demand would be necessary to create the same number of jobs.

The structural school, too, had its hyperenthusiasts: Fiscal conservatives who, as an alternative to expansionary policies, argued the not very plausible position that a job was available for every person, provided only that he or she had the requisite skills or would relocate. Such extremist positions aside, there was actually considerable agreement between two main groups, though this was not recognized at the lime. Both realized the advisability of a tax cut to increase demand, and both needed to reduce unemployment below a point around 4%. In either case, the policy implications differed in emphasis and not in content.

36.The author's treatment of the "hyperenthusiasts" can best be described as one of        .

A. tolerance  B. appreciation   C. dismissal    D. sarcasm

37.According to the passage, there was a good deal of agreement between the expansionist and structuralist theories on        .

A.how to reduce unemployment in the 1960s

B.how to reduce unemployment to 4 percent

C.what role the government played in reducing unemployment

D.how to eliminate structural deficiencies

38.Although they agreed that an increase in demand was necessary to reduce unemployment, the expansionists argued that        .

A.importance should be attached to structural measures such as education and training

B.politically conservative policies should be made in the effort to reduce unemployment

C.a tax cut would not be sufficient to help to create increased demand

D.government spending to increase demand should fund programs for lower income groups and public services

39.The author discounts the value of the expansionists' judgment by pointing out that it        .

A. was not borne out with sufficient information

B. was colored by their political viewpoint

C.was not made from a professional point of view

D.was deemed to be impractical and thus incorrect

40.It can be inferred that the hyperenthusiasts contended that        .

A.the problem of unemployment could be solved with government retraining and education programs

B.the number of people unemployed was greatly overestimated by the Council of Economic Advisers

C.the poor had a greater need for expanded government services than the more affluent portion of the population

D.fiscal policies alone were powerful enough to reduce the jobless rate to 4 percent of the work force

Passage 3

Poseidon sat at his desk, doing figures. The administration of all the waters gave him endless work. He could have had assistants, as many as he wanted 一 and he did have very many 一 but since he took his job very seriously, he would in the end go over all the figures and calculations himself, and thus his assistants were of little help to him. It cannot be said that he enjoyed his work: he did it only because it had been assigned to him;  in fact, he had already filed many petitions for—as he put it—more cheerful work, but every time the offer of something different was made to him it would turn out that nothing suited him quite as well as his present position. And anyhow it was quite difficult to find something different for him. After all, it was impossible to assign him to a particular sea: aside from the fact that even then the work with figures would not become less but only pettier, the great Poseidon could in any case occupy only an executive position. And when a job away from the water was offered to him he would get sick at the very prospect, his divine breathing would become troubled and his brazen chest began to tremble. Besides, his complaints were not really taken seriously;  when one of the mighty is vexatious the appearance of an effort must be made to placate him, even when the case is most hopeless. In actuality a shift of posts was unthinkable for Poseidon — he had been appointed God of the Sea in the beginning, and that he had to remain.

What irritated him most 一 and it was this that was chiefly responsible for his dissatisfaction with his job—was to hear of the conceptions formed about him: how he was always riding about through the tides with his trident. When all the while he sat here in the depths of the world-ocean, doing figures uninterruptedly, with now and then a trip to Jupiter as the only break in the monotony—a trip, moreover, from which he usually returned in a rage. Thus he had hardly seen the sea—had seen it but quickly in the course of hurried trips to Olympus, and he had never actually traveled around it. He was in the habit of saying that what he was waiting for was the fall of the world;  then, probably, a quiet moment would be granted in which, just before the end and having checked the last row of figures, he would be able to make a quick, little tour.

Poseidon became bored with the sea. He let fall his trident. Silently he sat on the rocky coast and a gull, dazed by his presence, described wavering circles around his head.

41.The underlined sentence ("It…h(huán)im") in the first paragraph suggest that Poseidon regarded his work with         .

A.resignation    B.enthusiasm    C.hostility    D.intimidation

42.It can be inferred from the author's description of Poseidon's routine ("how...in a rage") that         .

A.Poseidon prefers performing his duties to visiting Jupiter

B.Poseidon is too busy to familiarize himself with his kingdom

C.Poseidon requires silence for the performance of his duties

D.Poseidon's dissatisfaction with his job detracts from his efficiency

43.According to the passage, Poseidon's dissatisfaction with his job primarily stems from         .

A.the constant travel that is required of him

B.the lack of seriousness with which his complaints are received

C.the constantly changing nature of his duties

D.other's mistaken notions of his routine

44.The author of the passage portrays the god Poseidon as         .

A. a dissatisfied bureaucrat          B.a powerful god

C.a discontented vagabond          D.a capable accountant

45.Poseidon is unable to change occupations for all of the following reasons EXCEPT         .

A. his appointment as God of the Sea is inherently unchangeable

B. he has fallen into disfavor with the gods on Mount Olympus

C. he cannot imagine a life away from the water

D. nothing else suits him as well as his present position

Section B

Directions： In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 46?50, choose the most suitable one from the list a to e to fit into each of the numbered blank. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

During the normal development of self, a child is affected by certain influential factors.46.          . Infants form an attachment with the mother that must undergo a process of separation and individuation. Object relations psychology examines this relationship, which depends on the ability of the child to separate himself from his object, the mother, and realize that he is a separate individual.47.          . Certainly, affectionate, caring parents are essential as well. As the child begins to develop his sense of self, he must master certain developmental tasks that are part of growing up, such as acquisition of language and toilet training.48.          .

49.       .Since an infants relationship with his mother is so important, according to many psychologists, what effect does being separated from the biological mother have on the adopted child? 50.          . But what about a child who is older when he is adopted?

51.          .When he is placed with an adoptive family, he is likely to experience separation anxiety from bis foster mother, who can be regarded as symbolically abandoning him as his own biological mother did.

52.          . Now it seems as though he has to start over;  his protesting may give way to despair as he yearns for people who used to be in bis life. The adoptive family should offer as much affection and security as possible to reassure the child that he is safe, that they are reliable sources of loving care, and that they will help him through this difficult stage.

53.          . Although he may not mind the actual separation from his mother when he goes to playschool or day care, he may become obsessed about the time when his mother is supposed to pick him up at day care or kindergarten;  tardiness may provoke fears about car accidents or death.

On the other hand, some psychologists believe that a child who is given more affection is sometimes more strongly attached to their parents and therefore more prone to separation anxiety than are some of those who are treated more roughly. 54.           . On the contrary, the capacity to experience separation anxiety can be regarded as a sign of the healthy personality.55.          .

[A] A safe, loving environment is another necessary component for the development of a healthy self-concept.

[B] For infants adopted at birth, the effect may be minimal, for the infant has often had no opportunity to bond with the biological mother.

[C] Since such "dependence" in the well-loved child is outgrown and later provides the basis for a stable independence, it would be a mistake to suppose it to be pathological.

[D] One of the most important involves his relationship with his mother.

[E] What, then, effect does adoption have on the development of a healthy sense of self?

[F] His transition to living in an adoptive home may be difficult as he adjusts to new surroundings and caregivers because, by the age of 18 months, he has already begun to develop a sense of self in relation to others.

[G] Despite these actions, sometimes a child may continue to suffer from separation anxiety.

[H] Anything that interrupts the development of these important skills may interfere with developing a healthy self-concept.

[I] Consider a toddler adopted at the age of 18 months who has lived in the same foster home since birth.

[J] An adopted child, then, has at least an average chance of successful individuation, assuming he is adopted by loving parents.

Part III: Short Answer Questions (10%)

Directions: Read the following passage and then give short answers to the five questions. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Everybody wastes time. Instead of doing his homework, the schoolboy watches television. Instead of writing her essay the student goes out with her friends. They all have good intentions, but they keep putting off the moment when they must start work. As a consequence, they begin to feel guilty, and then waste even more time wishing they had not allowed themselves to be distracted.

When someone else is organizing our time for us, as for instance during lessons or working hours, we do not necessarily work more efficiently, but at least we are subject to the discipline of a routine. It is when we are responsible for organizing our own time that the need for self-discipline arises.

I know two writers who seem to work in quite different ways. Bob is extremely methodical. He arrives at his office at 9 a.m. and is creative until 12:30. At 2 p.m. he returns to his desk and is creative until 5 p.m., when he goes home and switches off until the following morning. Alan, on the other hand, works in inspired bursts, often missing meals and sleep in order to get his ideas down on paper. Such periods of intense activity are usually followed by days when he potters around his flat, listening to Mozart and flicking through magazines.

Their places of work reflect their styles. Bob's books are neatly arranged on the shelves;  he can always find the books he wants. Alan, on the other hand, has books and magazines all over the place. They are about every subject under the sun, mostly unconnected with his work. All the same he has a knack of making use of the unlikely information to illuminate his books.

56.People often waste their time by         .

57.Self-discipline is needed when one         .

58.Why does the author say Bob is extremely methodical?

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