2008年同濟(jì)大學(xué)考博英語真題

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Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)

Directions： There are 30 sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence or substitute the underlined expression. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

1. one time，Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.

A. On B. By C. At D. Of

2. If you come to Tokyo，I can put you in an apartment near my company.

A. across B. down C. out D. up

3. It seems oil from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.

A. had leaked B. is leaking

C. leaked D. has been leaking

4. He will agree to do what you require him.

A. of B. from C. to D. for

5. Though he was born and brought up in America, he can speak Chinese.

A. fluid B. smooth C. fluent D. flowing

6. We look forward to to the opening ceremony.

A. invite B. be invited

C. having been invited D. being invited

7. If people feel hopeless, they don’t bother to the skills they need to succeed.

A. adopt B. acquire C. accumulate D. assemble

8. Professor Wang, for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.

A. knowing B. known C. to be known D. having known

9. She just had no faith in me. It was William she still had her faith.

A. that B. who C. whom D. in whom

10. The conference a full week by the time it ends.

A. must have lasted B. will have lasted

C. would last D. has lasted

11. “Bob certainly has a low opinion of Sue. ” “It can’t be any worse than of him. ”

A. her B. hers C. she D. she does

12. The woman has not yet the loss of her son.

A. got up B. got by C. got over D. got round

13. Eighty percent of mothers cradle their in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies.

A. infants B. hoses C. handkerchiefs D. fences

14. The explorers came forward with gifts of ducks and flour-cakes and troughs

of water for the horses to drink.

A. held in B. held with C. held under D. held up

15. He likes to take a hand in everything, even those that hardly concern him.

A. offer help to B. get mixed up in

C. have a part in D. make a fuss over

16. A examination for the post of department manager will be held next Tuesday.

A. classifying B. comparing C. contrasting D. competitive

17. Mother was so weak after her operation that the doctors wondered if they would be able to her through.

A. pull B. cure C. push D. save

18. Go and see what your mother is now.

A. for B. at C. about D. busy

19. With three young children to take care of，Cathy is kept on the run every minute of the day.

A. walking B. at full speed C. busy D. on foot

20. Since his retirement, Peter Smith，who was a teacher, has written four novels.

A. lately B. usually C. formerly D. already

21. We must on our reputation to expand the business.

A. improve B. build C. develop D. weigh

22. ； it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.

A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed

23. does business with that fellow is bound to lose money.

A. Whoever B. Who C. No matter who D. However

24. Ann never dreams of for her to be sent abroad very soon.

A. there being a chance B, there to be a chance

C. there be a chance D, being a chance

25. Frequently single-parent children some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.

A. take off B. take after C. take in D. take on

26. Whenever a big company a small one，the product almost always gets worse.

A. gets on with B. cuts down

C. takes over D. puts up with

27. Samuel was obliged to compromise on lesser questions.

A. was compelled B. was delighted

C. was prepared D. was only too ready

28. Children tend to while playing，even if they make a promise before.

A. lose all count of time B. keep all count of time

C. be aware of the passage o￡ time D. waste time

29. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region， were surprising.

A. as results B. which results

C. the results of it D. the results of which

30. Our manager is so in his thinking，he never listens to new ideas.

A. stiff B. rigid C. tense D. tight

Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)

Section A (30 points)

Directions： There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B，C and

D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet -with a single line through the center.

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage：

Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we “fit” in society. As we go about our everyday lives，we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on. *

The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others,

most of us perform it rather effortlessly.

A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits，the buyer can choose style and fabric. But aw ybngricfln is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese

pgasfl/U or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our

pocketbook. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made， but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.

1. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us .

A. determine whether a person is fit for a certain job

B. behave appropriately in relation to other people

C. protect ourselves in unfamiliar situations

D. make friends with other people

2. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses .

A. in order to identify themselves with others

B. in order to better identify others

C. as their mental processes change

D. as the situation changes

3. The word “appraisal” (Sentence 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means ?

A. involvement B. appreciation C. assessment D. presentation

4. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun “it” refers to “ ?

A. fitting our actions to those of other people appropriately

B. identification of other people’s statuses

C. selecting one’s own statuses

D. constant mental process

5. By saying that “an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince”(Sentence 3, Paragraph 3)，the writer means ?

A. different people have different styles of clothes

B. ready-made clothes may need alterations

C. statuses come ready made just like clothes

D. our choice of statuses is limited

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage：

Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and

agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world’s population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.

But that doesn’t have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world—if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want. Instead，for all used except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.

Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irriga-

tion water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland. No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional，and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use，countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.

6. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?

A. Only half of the world’s water can be used.

B. The world population is increasing faster and faster.

C. Half of the world’s water resources have been seriously polluted.

D. Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.

7. As indicated in the passage，the water problem .

A. is already serious in certain parts of the world

B. has been exaggerated by some experts in the field

C. poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirs

D. it underestimated by government organizations at different levels

8. According to the author, the water price should .

A. be reduced to the minimum

B. stimulate domestic demand

C. correspond to its real value

D. take into account the occurrences of droughts

9. The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to .

A. build big lakes to store water

B. construct big pumping stations

C. build small and cheap irrigation systems

D. channel water from nearby rivers to cropland

10. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to

A. guarantee full protection of the environment

B. centralize the management of water resources

C. increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levels

D. encourage local and regional protection o￡ water resources

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage：

Every night she listened to her father going around the house, locking the doors and windows. She listened: the back door closed； she could hear the fastener o￡ the kitchen

window’s click，and the restless pad of his feet going back to try the front door. It wasn’t only the outside doors he locked? he locked the empty kitchen too. He was looking something out, but obviously it was something capable of entering into his first defenses. He raised his second line all the way up to bed. In fourteen years, she thought unhappily, the house will be his； he had paid twentyfive pounds down and the rest he was paying month by month as rent. “Of course，” he was in the habit of saying, “I’ve improved the property. ’’ “Yes，” he repeated, “I’ve improved the property，” looking around for a nail to drive in, a weed to uproot. It was more than a sense of property； it was a sense of honesty. Some people who bought their homes through the society let them go to rack and ruin and then cleared out.

She stood with her ear against the wall, a small，dark, angry, immature figure. There was no more to be heard from the other room； but in her inner ear she still heard the footsteps of a property owner, the tap-tap of a hammer, the scrape of a spade，the whistle of radiator steam, a key turning, a bolt pushed home，the little busy sounds of men building barriers. She stood planning.

11. Which of the following is TRUE o￡ the father in the passage?

A. He thought a lot about his daughter’s future.

B. He saved a lot of money for his daughter.

C. He thought that he was secure.

D. He avoided his neighbors on purpose.

12. From the passage we can see that the father is .

A. kind to his daughter and neighbors

B. cruel to his daughter and neighbors

C. systematical in his actions

D. careful about his appearance

13. According to the passage, the daughter’s attitude toward his father is of .

A. slight dislike B. great disapproval

C. strong love D. grateful acceptance

14. Which of the following feelings is conveyed in the passage?

A. Tenseness. B. Peace. C. Nervousness. D. Happiness.

15. All of the following are true EXCEPT that .

A. the father built his defenses carefully

B. some property owners let their homes go worse

C. the daughter was thin and very young

D. the father punished the girl when she was young

Section B (10 points)

Erections： In the following article，some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1 ?5，choose the most suitable one from the list A?E Zo fit into each of the numbered blank ? Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet. 

Where Is the News Leading Us?

Not long ago I was asked to join in a public symposium on the role of the American press. Two other speakers were included on the program. The first was a distinguished TV

anchorman. The other was the editor of one of the nation’s leading papers，a newsman to the core-tough, aggressive, and savvy in the ways and means of solid reporting.

The purpose of the symposium, as I understood it，was to scrutinize the obligations of the media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations.

L . Why, he asked，are the newspapers and television news programs so disaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence，failure?

The anchorman and editor reacted as though they had been blamed for the existence ofbad news. Newsmen and newswomen, they said，are only responsible for reporting the

news, not for creating it or modifying it.

2. . The gentleman who had asked it was not blaming them for the distortions in the world. He was just wondering why distortions are most reported. The news media seem

to operate on the philosophy that all news is bad news. Why? Could it be that the emphasis on downside news is largely the result of tradition—the way newsmen and newswomen are accustomed to respond to daily events?

3. . News is supposed to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours—24 hours at most. Anything that happens so suddenly, however，is apt to be eruptive. A sniper kills

some pedestrians； a terrorist holds 250 people hostage in a plane； OPEC announces a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices; Great Britain devalues by another 10 percent； a truck conveying radioactive wastes collides with a mobile cement mixer.

4. . Civilization is a lot more than the sum total of its catastrophes. The most important ingredient in any civilization is progress. But progress doesn’t happen all at once. It is not eruptive. Generally, it comes in bits and pieces，very little of it clearly visible at any given moment, but all of it involved in the making of historical change for the better. It is this aspect of living history that most news reporting reflects inadequately. The result is that we are underinformed about positive developments and overinformed about disasters. This，in turn, leads to a public mood of defeatism and despair, which in themselves tend to be inhibitors of progress. An unrelieved diet of eruptive news depletes the es-

sential human energies a free society needs.

 5. . I am not suggesting that “positive” news be contrived as an antidote to the disasters on page one. Nor do I define positive news as in-depth reportage of functions of the local YMCA. What I am trying to get across is the notion that the responsibility of the news media is to search out and report on important events―whether or not they come under the heading of conflict，confrontation, or catastrophe. The world is a splendid combination of heaven and hell，and both sectors call for attention and scrutiny.

A. Focusing solely on these details, however, produces a misshapen picture.

B. Perhaps it would be useful here to examine the way we define the word news，for this is where the problem begins.

C. A mood of hopelessness and cynicism is hardly likely to furnish the energy needed to meet serious challenges.

D. During the open-discussion period，a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my two colleagues.

E. It didn’t seem to me that the newsmen had answered the question.

Short Answer Questions (10%)

Directions： Read the following passage and then give short answers to the five questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Surveys have shown that most football and basketball injuries involve the knee，either through twisting or through application of lateral force. Surgery for such injuries has be-

come much simpler with the invention of a thin device containing a fiber optics light that can be inserted into a thin slit in the knee. Repair can be accomplished through this narrow

opening. Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries，but a more common problem for runners is stress fracture, which is a weakening of the front of the shinbone caused by o-

veruse，with pain and possible bone cracking as the result. Ligament tears are more common in gymnastics. Almost all these conditions heal with rest. Prevention of injuries de-

pends primarily on good conditioning. Athletes are also protected by the use of better padding materials and of face masks and eye protectors in rough sports.

The improper or illegal use of drugs and substances for the temporary improvement of athletic performance in competitions has been a frequent subject of inquiry since the 1960s,

when drug misuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatically. Anabolic steroids supposedly improve strength and endurance, but they can also have harmful side effects as liver damage. Tests for drugs such as heroin and other stimulants were introduced at the Olympic Games in 1968. Anabolic steroids were not banned until 1974，when a suitable test was developed. The illegality of some drugs has not been accepted by a number of other international and national amateur athletic federations, for reasons

including testing uncertainties, doubts about banning certain medicinal substances or common drugs such as caffeine，and simple lack of concern. Controversy has also arisen over

the legality of the practice of “blood doping，” in which an athlete receives a blood transfusion just before an event. The resulting increase in red blood cells apparently increases the athlete’s aerobic power.

1. In addition to knee injuries，what will also heal with rest?

2. What does the word “slit” in Para. 1 most probably mean?

3. When were the tests for drugs used at the Olympic Games?

4. According to the passage，drug misuse by athletes is considered as .

5. Controversy arises over the illegality of some common drugs due to .

Partly English-Chinese Translation (15%)

Directions： Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Doing a PhD is certainly not for everybody, and I do not recommend it for most people. However, I am really glad I got my PhD rather than just getting a job after finish-

ing my Bachelor’s. The number one reason is that I learned a hell of a lot doing the PhD, and most of the things I learned I would never get exposed to in a typical software engi-

neering job. (1) The process of doing a PhD trains you to do research: to read research papers，to run experiments，to write papers，to give talks. It also teaches you how to figure

out what problem needs to be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doing the PhD，and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny of the academic peerreview process—not to mention your thesis committee. I think of the PhD a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high society in France, Italy，and Germany, learning about art, architecture, language，literature，fencing, riding—all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to be an influential member of society. Doing a PhD is similar: You get an intense exposure to every subfield of Computer Science，and have to become the leading world’s expert in the area of your dissertation work. (2) The top PhD programs set an incredibly high bar: a lot of coursework，teaching experience，qualifying exams，a thesis defense， and of course making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Having to go

through this process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadth and depth. Some important stuff I learned doing a PhD：

How to read and critique research papers. As a grad student you have to read thousands of research papers，extract their main ideas, critique the methods and presentation,

and synthesize their contributions with your own research. As a result you are exposed to a wide range of CS topics, approaches for solving problems, sophisticated algorithms，and

system designs. This is not just about gaining the knowledge in those papers (which is pretty important), but also about becoming conversant in the scientific literature.

How to write papers and give talks. Being fluent in technical communications is a really important skill for engineers. I’ve noticed a big gap between the software engineers I’ve

worked with who have PhDs and those who don’t in this regard. (3) PhD-trained folks tend to give clear，well-organized talks and know how to write up their work and visualize

the result of experiments. As a result they can be much more influential. How to run experiments and interpret the results: I can’t overstate how important this is. A systems-oriented PhD requires that you run a zillion measurements and present the results in a way that is both bullet-proof to peer-review criticism (in order to publish) and

visually compelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued (by your advisor, your co-authors, your paper reviewers) and you will quickly learn how to run the right experiments ? and do it right.

⑷ How to figure out what problem to work on: This is probably the most important aspect of PhD training. Doing a PhD will force you to cast away from shore and explore the boundary of human knowledge. (Matt Might’s cartoon on this is a great visualization of this. ) I think that at least 80% of making a scientific contribution is figuring out what

problem to tackle： a problem that is at once interesting, open，and going to have impact if you solve it. There are lots of open problems that the research community is not interested in (c. f.，writing an operating system kernel in Haskell) . There are many interesting problems that have been solved over and over and over (c. f.，file system block layout optimization； wireless multi hop routing) ? There’s a real trick to picking good problems，and developing a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technical leader.

(5) So I think it’s worth having a PhD，especially if you want to work on the hardest and most interesting problems. This is true whether you want a career in academia，a re-

search lab，or a more traditional engineering role. But as my PhD advisor was fond of saying, “doing a PhD costs you a house. ” (In terms of the lost salary during the PhD years—

these days it’s probably more like several houses.)

 Part V Writing (20%)

Directions： You are asked to write an essay on the following topic : Many universities and colleges offer qualification： through some sort of distance learn-

ing using the Internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in a classroom. In your opinion，do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages of

learning in this way?

You should write at least 250 words.

You should use your own ideas，knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.

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