2014年廈門大學(xué)考博英語真題

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Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15% )

Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B，C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sen-

tence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

1. The village my grandfather grew up in is not far from the town.

A. what B. where C. wherever D. which

2. What’s your attitude his criticism?

A. against B. for C. towards D. in

3. If I had a car of my own，I it to your sister yesterday.

A. will lend B. would lend

C. should lend D. would have lent

4. The newcomers found it impossible to themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country.

A. suit B. adapt C. regulate D. coordinate

5. It’s a program designed to mainly to 16 to 25 year olds.

A. include B. appreciate C. appeal D. conduct

6. The actress lives in a very fashionable of town.

A. position B. component C. quarter D. zone

7. The store displayed its most products in the front window.

A. model B. present C. distinctive D. favorite

8. Bob fails to attend the evening school. He sick，because he never asks for leave.

A. may be B. can be C. must be D. is

9. that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.

A. For B. Now C. Since D. Despite

10. the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time.

A. But for B. In case of C. In spite of D. Because o￡

11. A tyre when you pump air into it； it shrinks when the air is gone.

A. explores B. expands C. exploit D. exposes

12. We simply can’t compete with other companies we improve our engine design and reduce the cost of production.

A. though B. unless C. lest D. provided

13. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.

A. by that B. at that C. on that D. in that

14. He wasn’t appointed chairman of the committee， not very popular with all its members.

A. to be considered B. considering

C. being considered D. having considered

15. telling her again since she won’t listen to it?

A. What’s the point of B. How’s the point of

C. Where is the point in D. Is there the point for

16. To save money for my education，mother often took on more work than for her.

A. it was good B. what was good

C. was good D. being good

17. He denied to send out the signal at exactly 8 p. m.

A. having been telling B. being told

C. to be told D. having been told

18. Did it ever you that he could be the murderer?

A. occur to B. occur in C. happen to D. happen with

19. The professor sprang to his feet， a hand to his rosy, bald head.

A. covered B. clapping C. smashing D. hit

20. The explorers came forward with gifts of ducks and flour-cakes and troughs of water for the horses to drink.

A. held in B. held with C. held under D. held up

21. Because of the of its ideas，the book was in wide circulation both at home and abroad.

A. originality B. subjectivity C. generality D. ambiguity

22. With its own parliament and currency and a common for peace，the European Union declared itselfin 11 official languages—open for business.

A. inspiration B. assimilation C. intuition D. aspiration

23. America has now adopted more ___ European-style inspection systems，and the incidence of food poisoning is falling.

A. discrete B. solemn C. rigorous D. autonomous

24. Mainstream pro-market economists all agree that competition is an spur to efficiency and innovation.

A. extravagant B. exquisite C. intermittent D. indispensable

25. In the late 19th century, Jules Verne, the master of science fiction, foresaw many of the technological wonders that are today.

A. transient B. commonplace C. implicit D. elementary

26.1 was so when I used the automatic checkout lane in the supermarket for the first time.

A. immersed B. assaulted C. thrilled D. dedicated

27. His arm was from the shark’s mouth and reattached, but the boy, who nearly died, remained in a delicate condition.

A. retrieved B. retained C. repelled D. restored

28. Bill Gates and Walt Disney are two people the magazine has to be the Grea- test American.

A. appointed B. appeased C. nicknamed D. nominated

29. The majority of citizens tend to believe that the death penalty will help decrease the crime rate.

A. overflowing B. overwhelming C. prevalent D. premium

30. We will also see a increase in the number of televisions per household，as small TV displays are added to clocks，coffee makers and smoke detectors.

A. startling B. surpassing C. suppressing D. stacking

Part H Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions： There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C

and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage：

Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing

foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this，some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about dealing with it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill, one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language，while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught? the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So, there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place.

Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher： the first, knowledge； the second，technique. It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech，and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students’ pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use，and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.

31. According to the passage, pronouncing foreign languages.

A. few people are extremely good at

B. even modern people are not good at

C. only a few people are somewhat good at

D. few people are at the average level in

32. According to the author, pronunciation is a skill that can NOT be .

A. picked up without conscious training B. trained consciously

C. be taught D. be carefully trained

33. The italicized “the branch of study” in Para. 1 refers to ?

A. accent B. pronunciation

C. the learning of spoken English D. both A and B

34. In the author’s opinion, ?

A. grammar is less important than pronunciation

B. grammar and spelling should always make room for pronunciation

C. grammar and spelling are sometimes less important than pronunciation

D. grammar is more important than spelling

35. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

A. The difficulty and importance of pronunciation.

B. The difficulty and the teaching requirements concerning pronunciation.

C. The significance and the teaching methods of pronunciation.

D. The difficulty and features of pronunciation.

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage：

What will man be like in the future—in 5,000 or even 50,000 years from now? We can only make a guess, of course，but we can be sure that he will be different from what he is

today. For man is slowly changing all the time. Let us take an obvious example. Man，even five hundred years ago，was shorter than he is today. Now, on average, men are about three inches taller. Five hundred years is a relatively short period of time，so we may assume that man will continue to grow taller.

Again, in the modern world we use our brains a great deal. Even so，we still make use of only about 20% of the brain’s capacity. As time goes on，however，we shall have to use our brains more and more，and eventually we shall need larger ones! This is likely to bring about a physical change too： the head，in particular the forehead，will grow larger.

Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact, we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over very long period of time it is

likely that man’s eyes will grow stronger. On the other hand, we tend to make less use of our arms and legs. These，as a result, are likely to grow weaker. At the same time, however, our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life.

But what about hair? This will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. In the future，then，both se-

xes are likely to be bald! Perhaps all this gives the impression that future man will not be a very attractive creature to look atj This may well be true. All the same，in spite of all these changes，future man will still have a lot in common with us. He will still be a human being, with thoughts and emotions similar to our own.

36. The passage tells us about .

A. how man’s life will be in the future

B. how future man will look like

C. the fact that man’s organs will function differently in the future

D. the fact that man is growing uglier as time passes

37. There is evidence that man is changing— ?

A. man has been growing taller over the past five hundred years

B. man has got stronger eyes now than he ever had

C. man’s hair is getting thinner and thinner

D. man’s limbs are growing weaker because he tends to make less use of them

38. Man’s forehead will grow larger because .

A. he still makes use of only about 20% of the brain’s capacity

B. the other 80% of his brain will grow in due time

C. he had rather narrow forehead a few hundred years ago

D. he will have to use his brain more and more as time goes on

39. Future man will probably .

A. have smaller eyes

B. have larger eyes

C. see better

D. have to wear better glasses

40. The reason for believing that future man will be different is that he

A. is always growing

B. never stops changing

C. hopes for a change

D. will live a different life

Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage：

Most episodes of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter.

“You’re supposed to remember something，but you haven’t encoded it deeply?” Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe. “Your memory itself isn’t failing you，“ says Schacter. “Rather，you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed. ”

Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago，’’ says Zelinski， “may not remember to drop a letter in the

mailbox. ” Women have slightly better memories than men，possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that. Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available，” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch，put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket. Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time，” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room，and you’ll likely remember.

41. Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?

A. It helps us understand our memory system better.

B. It enables us to recall something from our memory.

C. It expands our memory capacity considerably.

D. It slows down the process of losing our memory.

42. One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that .

A. they have a wider range of interests

B. they are more reliant on the environment

C. they have an unusual power of focusing their attention

D. they are more interested in what’s happening around them

43. A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because .

A. it will easily get lost

B. it’s not clear enough for you to read

C. it’s out of your sight

D. it might get mixed up with other things

44. What do we learn from the last paragraph?

A. If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another.

B. Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.

C. Repetition helps improve our memory.

D. If we keep forgetting things，we’d better return to where we were.

45. What is the passage mainly about?

A. The process of gradual memory loss.

B. The causes of absent-mindedness.

C. The impact of the environment on memory.

D. A way of encoding and recalling.

 Part H Short Answer Questions (5%)

Directions： Read the following passage and then give short answers to the questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage：

The newborn can see the difference between various shapes and patterns from birth. He prefers patterns to dull or bright solid colors and looks longer at stripes and an-

gles than at circular patterns. Within three weeks, however, his preference shifts dramatically to the human face.

Why should a baby with so little visual experience attend more to a human face than to any other kind of pattern? Some scientists think this preference represents a built in advantage for the human species. The object of prime importance to the physically helpless infant is a human being. Babies seem to have a natural tendency to the human face as potentially rewarding. Researchers also point out that the newborn wisely relies more on pattern than on outline，size，or color. Pattern remains stable，while outline changes with point of view; size, with distance from an object； and brightness and color, with lighting.

Mothers have always claimed that they could see their newborns looking at them as they held them, despite what they have been told. The experts who thought that perception （知覺）had to await physical development and the consequence of action were wrong for several reasons. Earlier research techniques were less sophisticated than they are today. Physical skills were once used to indicate perception of objects—skills like visual tracking and reaching for an object, both of which the newborn does poorly. Then，too, assumptions that the newborn’s eye and brain were too immature for anything as sophisticated as pattern recognition caused opposing data to be thrown away. Since perception of form was widely believed to follow perception of more “basic” qualities such as color and brightness, the possibility of its presence from birth was rejected.

46. What does a newborn baby like to see most in the first two weeks?

47. Why does the newborn pay more attention to a human face than any other kind of objects，according to some scientists?

48. What have mothers been told about newborns, contrary to what they believe?

49. Why were mothers’ observations thrown away?

50. What was the prevalent assumption about perception of form and perception of more “basic” qualities?

Part K Cloze （10%）

Directions： There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A，B，C and D on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE

that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag （時(shí)差反應(yīng)）.Jet lag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 51 making mistakes. It is actually caused by 52 of your “body clock” 一a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 53 ? The body clock is designed for a 54 rhythm of daylight and darkness，so that it is thrown out of balance when it 55 daylight and darkness at the wrong times in a new time zone.

The 56 of jet lag often persist for days 57 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is 58 that is based on proven

59 pioneering scientific research.

Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has 60 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 61 controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 62 of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact time to either 63 or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule 64 light exposure depends a great deal on 65 travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary （旅行路線）and the individual’s sleep 66 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 67 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls 68 bright light, you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad， 69 you are on an aeroplane，you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 70 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.

51. A. for B. from C. to D. of

52. A. rupture B. functions C. reflection D. disruption

53. A. actions B. functions C. reflection D. behavior

54. A. regular B. formal C. continual D. circular

55. A. retains B. encounters C. possesses D. experiences

56. A. diseases B. symptoms C. signs D. defects

57. A. while B. whereas C.if D. although

58. A. adaptable B. approachable C. available D. agreeable

59. A. broad B. inclusive C. tentative D. extensive

60. A. devised B. recognized C. scrutinized D. visualized

61. A. at B. through C. in D. as

62. A. most B. least C. little D. more

63. A. attain B. shed C. retrieve D. seek

64. A. on B. with C. for D. in

65. A. unique B. specific C. complicated D. peculiar

66. A. norm B. mode C. pattern D. style

67. A. directories B. instructions C. specifications D. commentaries

68. A. off B. on C. for D. up

69. A. or B. and C. but D. while

70. A. agitation B. spur C. acceleration D. stimulus

Part V English-Chinese Translation (20%)

Directions： Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. 

(71) Against the backdrop of the relative decline of Britain, whose GDP has slipped to the seventh place in the world, London is doing very well, being first or second to New York in most of the rankings of great cities. (72) London’s success over the past quartercentury has been the consequence of historical accident and good policy, which attracted smart professionals and the rich from all around the world. (73) They are not only betterqualified, younger and harder-working, but also brought in the flow of foreign money to London. Therefore, the author claims that London lives off foreigners. However, Britain does not much like foreigners. (74) British people, especially those who are not Londoners are pressuring their government to cut immigration and restrict students’ right to work, which the author thinks is going to mar London’s brilliance and speed London and Britain’s relative decline. (75) Though London’s moment will inevitably pass because of the emerging market elsewhere, there are still a lot of things that London can do to slow

down the process, such as investing in transportation. The least that it should is to discourage foreigners from coming, the author concludes.

Part M Writing (20%)

Directions： You are asked to write an essay on the following topic : Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?

You should write at least 250 words.

You should give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

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