摘要:閱讀理解得分低,往往是因?yàn)槲恼驴床欢?,文章中的句子之所以難以理解,有許多原因,其中一個(gè)主要原因是句子太長(zhǎng)或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。下面我們來談?wù)剮追N英語閱讀長(zhǎng)難句的處理方法。
閱讀理解得分低,往往是因?yàn)槲恼驴床欢?,文章中的句子之所以難以理解,有許多原因,其中一個(gè)主要原因是句子太長(zhǎng)或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。句子過長(zhǎng)或者復(fù)雜通常是該句除了主干之外還包含了一些附加部分,如插入語、同位語、分隔現(xiàn)象、各種從句或較長(zhǎng)的非謂語動(dòng)詞短語等等。下面我們來談?wù)剮追N英語閱讀長(zhǎng)難句的處理方法。
如何處理長(zhǎng)難句?
1、找謂語,找定語
一般情況下,一個(gè)謂語形式的動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)其動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者(主語),我們可以根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞的意義來確定其主語。而且,如果一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語形式的動(dòng)詞,則該句可以是并列句或復(fù)合句(并列謂語動(dòng)詞的情況除外)。如:
People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations.
【句意】二十一年來,象牙交易一直被明令禁止,人們擔(dān)心削弱這一禁令會(huì)助長(zhǎng)非法捕獵,導(dǎo)致大象數(shù)量減少。
【分析】that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句,從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是encourage和hurt,根據(jù)邏輯意義,可知encourage和hurt 的主語是動(dòng)名詞短語weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。
2、提主干,去枝葉
一般情況下,一個(gè)句子中的主句所表達(dá)的信息為主要信息,從句、狀語和定語等所表達(dá)的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來,就不能完全把握句子的核心意義,從而導(dǎo)致思維混亂,主次不分。如:
Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s.
【句意】來自薩塞克斯大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們分析了青少年健康縱向研究的研究結(jié)果,這項(xiàng)研究是一個(gè)歷時(shí)15年的課題,它記錄了數(shù)千名在美國(guó)20世紀(jì)90年代中期上中學(xué)的一組青少年的財(cái)產(chǎn)情況。
【分析】句子主干為Economists analysed findings。from the University of Sussex 作economists的定語;from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 作findings的定語;a 15-year research project作the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 的同位語;charting ... 作project 的定語;who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾teenagers。
3、尋關(guān)聯(lián),辯邏輯
一些長(zhǎng)句其實(shí)是由若干分句組成的并列句或復(fù)合句。而這些并列句或復(fù)合句之間需要一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞來連接。如果我們找準(zhǔn)這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞,就能夠弄清楚句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義,則長(zhǎng)句就容易對(duì)付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對(duì)英語中的常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞諳熟于心。如:
Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect on your self growth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements.
【句意】你與教授相處是否融洽對(duì)你的自身發(fā)展起著重要的作用,因?yàn)檫@是衡量你是否尊重權(quán)威和服從要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
【分析】此句為復(fù)合句,句中whether引導(dǎo)主語從句,as 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,how well 引導(dǎo)從句作介詞of 的賓語。
4、看搭配,防分隔
有時(shí)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句或難句是由一個(gè)或多個(gè)搭配構(gòu)成,而且這些搭配中常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。讀者若受分隔現(xiàn)象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目,則對(duì)句意的理解就會(huì)發(fā)生偏差。如:
Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products, to some degree, their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising.
【句意】一些公司把生產(chǎn)的衛(wèi)生的、安全的產(chǎn)品,從某種程度上說,當(dāng)作他們的賣點(diǎn),并在廣告中強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)。
【分析】其實(shí)本句是一個(gè)“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”句型“make+ 賓語 + 賓補(bǔ)”,即“使……成為……”,只不過賓語和賓補(bǔ)被“to some degree”隔開而已。
總之,在碰到長(zhǎng)句和難句時(shí),要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活運(yùn)用上述方法,在平時(shí)閱讀過程中要加強(qiáng)對(duì)長(zhǎng)句和難句的句法分析訓(xùn)練。有時(shí)要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如:
The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions.
【句意】一種文化背景下的人不像另一種文化背景下的人一樣直率地表達(dá)他們的情感,這一事實(shí)并不意味著他們沒有這些情感。
【分析】本句的主干為The fact does not mean that ...,其中,that they do not experience emotions 是從句作mean 的賓語。that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another 為fact 的同位語從句,其中as do members of another 是狀語從句,助動(dòng)詞do 位于主語members of another 前形成倒裝,主語后省略了express their emotions。
例句:
1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.
這個(gè)定理,先是由十七世紀(jì)法國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家皮爾法特提出,曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學(xué)大師為難,包括一位法國(guó)女科學(xué)家,她在解決這個(gè)難題方面取得了重大的進(jìn)展,她曾女扮男裝為了能夠在伊科爾理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)。
簡(jiǎn)析:夾雜過去分詞短語,現(xiàn)在分詞短語,動(dòng)名詞及兩個(gè)定語從句。
2.It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.
由于因特網(wǎng)的使用,計(jì)算所使用的紙張的數(shù)量是很難的,然而幾乎任何在辦公室工作的人能告訴你,當(dāng)引進(jìn)電子郵件后,打印機(jī)就開始超時(shí)工作。也就是說近年來人們對(duì)于紙張的日益需求主要是由于因特網(wǎng)越來越多的使用。
簡(jiǎn)析:夾雜較復(fù)雜的句型結(jié)構(gòu),關(guān)鍵詞just about幾乎;overtime超時(shí)地。
3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market.
或許,表明電腦及因特網(wǎng)使用促進(jìn)人們對(duì)于紙張的需求的最好跡象源于高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)本身,印刷業(yè)被認(rèn)為是高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)極有前景的新市場(chǎng)之一。
簡(jiǎn)析:夾雜較復(fù)雜的句型結(jié)構(gòu),關(guān)鍵詞promising有前途的。
4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.
這個(gè)行動(dòng)組也發(fā)現(xiàn)一種人們可接受的紙,制成這種紙的原料不是木料,而是農(nóng)業(yè)廢料。
簡(jiǎn)析:關(guān)鍵詞other than而不是。
5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers.
這些術(shù)語,主要從英語和漢語引入,經(jīng)常會(huì)變成不再被說本族語的人們理解的形式。
簡(jiǎn)析:關(guān)鍵詞term術(shù)語。
6. It is one of many language books that are now flying off booksellers’ shelves.
它是現(xiàn)在很暢銷的許多外語書中的一本。
簡(jiǎn)析:比喻生動(dòng)形象。
7. The mass media and government white papers play an important part in the spread of foreign words.
大眾傳播媒介和政府白皮書(正式報(bào)告)在外國(guó)詞傳播過程中起重要作用。
簡(jiǎn)析:關(guān)鍵詞the mass media and government white papers大眾傳播媒介和政府白皮書(正式報(bào)告)。
8.Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who was a lively interest in their pet, whether it be a cat 、dog or snake!
來自動(dòng)物醫(yī)院(這個(gè)電視節(jié)目)的故事(這本書),將使這個(gè)電視節(jié)目的愛好者以及對(duì)無論是貓、狗還是蛇這類寵物有濃厚興趣的任何人感到高興。
簡(jiǎn)析:關(guān)鍵詞fans…愛好者,whether…or…,無論是…還是…。
9. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began.
牛頓被證明是一位很有才華的科學(xué)家,他處于一個(gè)魔術(shù)終結(jié)科學(xué)開啟的歷史時(shí)期,他也有普通人所特有的弱點(diǎn)。
簡(jiǎn)析:夾雜兩個(gè)定語從句。
10. But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.
但對(duì)于所有這些以電子手段記錄,貯存及傳遞的文本而言,許多文本仍要(打印)在紙上。
簡(jiǎn)析:關(guān)鍵詞text文本;end up最后成為(處于)。
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